Pachyoliva columellaris G.B. Sowerby I, 1825 (Olividae, Caenogastropoda) in Peru: tidal migrations and population density

The gastropod Pachyoliva columellaris (formerly Olivella columellaris) is particularly common on many sandy beaches in North Peru. In the studied region north of Paita, Piura province, the species reaches densities of over 80,000 individuals per beach meter. The snails perform tidal migrations throughout the lunar cycle although tidal amplitudes differ four-fold between neap and spring tide. Not all animals complete their tidal migrations, and significant numbers remain above the water line at low tide. Throughout the tidal cycle, the proportion of small individuals is increased near the water line whereas large animals dominate in lower beach zones. I conclude that the sandy beaches north of Paita are well-suited for further studies of P. columellaris and the mechanisms underlying tidal migrations in invertebrates.

El gasterópodo Pachyoliva columellaris (antes Olivella columellaris) es particularmente común en las playas arenosas del norte de Perú. En la región estudiada al norte de Paita, provincia de Piura, la especie alcanza densidades de más de 80.000 individuos por metro de playa. Los caracoles realizan migraciones mareales durante todo el ciclo lunar, aunque las amplitudes de marea difieren cuatro veces entre la marea muerta y la marea viva. No todos los animales completan sus migraciones mareales y un número significativo permanece por encima del nivel del agua en marea baja. Durante todo el ciclo de marea, la proporción de individuos pequeños aumenta cerca del nivel del agua, mientras que los animales grandes dominan en las zonas bajas de la playa. Concluyo que las playas arenosas al norte de Paita son apropiadas para estudios adicionales de P. columellaris y los mecanismos de las migraciones de marea en invertebrados.

Prácticas espaciales de infancias en edificio de gran altura y densidad habitacional / Spatial practices of childhood in a high-rise and high-density building / Práticas espaciais da infância em um prédio alto e densamente povoado

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo del artículo es analizar las prácticas y representaciones espaciales de niños/as residentes de un edificio de gran altura y densidad habitacional del centro de la capital chilena. Con un diseño cualitativo, crítico-etnográfico, y un modelo colaborativo, se contó con la participación de 5 niños/as de 10 a 13 años, y 6 adultos/as de 25 a 55 años, de diversas nacionalidades y tiempos de residencia. El análisis de contenido constató que la composición física y dinámicas relacionales en el edificio, han restringido severamente las posibilidades de despliegue espacial de niños/as residentes en este, contribuyendo a su histórica invisibilización y encierro. A pesar de esto, se encontraron prácticas de resistencia y resignificación del espacio por parte de los niños/as, que crean comunidad en un marco urbano que no la favorece.

Abstract (analytical) The objective of this article is to analyze the spatial practices and representations of children living in a high-rise building in the center of the Chilean capital. With a qualitative, critical-ethnographic design and a collaborative model, 5 children from 10 to 13 years old and 6 adults from 25 to 55 years old, of different nationalities and residence times, participated in both studies. The content analysis found that the physical composition and relational dynamics in the building have severely restricted the possibilities of spatial deployment of children residing in the building, contributing to their historical invisibility and confinement. In spite of this, practices of resistance and resignification of space were found on the part of the children, who create community in an urban framework that does not favor it.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo do artigo é analisar as práticas e representações espaciais das crianças que vivem em um prédio alto e densamente povoado no centro da capital chilena. Com um desenho qualitativo, crítico etnográfico e um modelo colaborativo, 5 crianças de 10 a 13 anos e 6 adultos de 25 a 55 anos, de diferentes nacionalidades e durações de residência, participaram dos estudos. A análise de conteúdo constatou que a composição física e a dinâmica relacional no edifício restringiram severamente as possibilidades de implantação espacial das crianças que vivem no edifício, contribuindo para sua invisibilidade e confinamento histórico. Apesar disso, foram encontradas práticas de resistência e resignificação do espaço por parte das crianças, que criam comunidade em uma estrutura urbana que não a favorece.

Tuberculosis y hacinamiento carcelario desde la perspectiva de las inequidades sociales en salud en Colombia, 2018 / Tuberculosis and prison overcrowding from the perspective of social inequities in health in Colombia, 2018

Introducción. La población privada de la libertad se encuentra afectada por la tuberculosis debido al hacinamiento carcelario. Esta situación refleja una inequidad en salud, entendida esta como una diferencia injusta y evitable. Objetivo. Estimar las condiciones de hacinamiento carcelario como inequidad en salud de la población privada de la libertad que padece tuberculosis en Colombia durante el 2018. Materiales y métodos. Estudio ecológico para estimar las inequidades a nivel nacional en la población privada de la libertad, utilizando la guía metodológica de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para la medición de desigualdades. A partir de los datos del sistema de vigilancia en salud pública, la incidencia de tuberculosis sirvió como indicador y el porcentaje de hacinamiento se usó para estratificar la equidad. Resultados. La desigualdad relativa entre los quintiles de menor y mayor hacinamiento evidenció que la incidencia de la tuberculosis en la población privada de la libertad con mayor hacinamiento es 1,92 veces la del grupo con menor hacinamiento. El índice de desigualdad demostró un exceso de 724 casos de tuberculosis por cada 100.000 internos entre la población con mayor concentración de hacinamiento. El índice de concentración en salud fue de -0,121, lo que refleja que la incidencia se concentró en el grupo con más sobrepoblación. Conclusión. En Colombia, la población privada de la libertad en condiciones de hacinamiento y que padece tuberculosis, enfrenta desigualdades injustas y evitables, comparada con quienes no están en esas condiciones. Se requieren políticas que reduzcan el hacinamiento y mejoren las condiciones de vida en las cárceles.

Introduction: Prison population is affected by tuberculosis (TB) due to prison overcrowding. This situation reflects an inequity in health, understood as an unfair and avoidable difference between individuals and populations. Objective: To estimate the conditions of prison overcrowding as health inequity in prison population suffering from TB in Colombia during 2018. Materials and methods: This is an ecological study to estimate inequities at the national level in prison population through the use of the World Health Organization methodology for the measurement of inequalities. Based on data from the public health surveillance system, the incidence of TB was taken as an indicator and the percentage of overcrowding as an equity stratifier. Simple and complex measures of inequality were calculated. Results: The relative inequality between the lowest and highest quintiles of crowding showed that TB incidence among prison population with the highest crowding was 1.92 times that of the group with the lowest crowding. The inequality index identified an excess of 724 TB cases per 100,000 among those with the highest concentration of overcrowding. The health concentration index was -0.121, which shows that the incidence was concentrated in the group with the most overpopulation. Conclusion: In Colombia, prison population in overcrowded conditions and suffering from TB has to face unfair and avoidable inequalities as compared with those not living in these conditions. Policies are required to reduce overcrowding and improve living conditions in prisons.

The correlation of population, population density, age, and sex to the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 among local government units in the National Capital Region / The Health Sciences Journal

INTRODUCTION@#The NCR had amassed 752,668 cases of COVID-19 as of September 2021, the highest among the regions in the Philippines. This study aimed to determine the correlation between population, population density, age, and sex with the number of cases among local government units (LGU) in the National Capital Region (NCR).@*METHODS@#The data for population, population density, age, and sex distribution of the LGUs of NCR were retrieved from the 2015 Philippine census while the data for cases were from DOH’s COVID-19 Tracker. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to determine the correlation between population, population density and cases. Phi and Cramer’s V statistic were computed to determine associations between sex, age groups, and cases.@*RESULTS@#There was little or no correlation between population density and number of cases (r = 0.236) but was good (r = 0.905) when Quezon City was excluded for being an outlier. There was good correlation between population and number of cases (r = 964, p < 0.001). There was very weak to no association between sex and number of COVID-19 cases. There was a statistically significant moderate association between age and COVID-19 cases (f = 0.145, p < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#The study has shown that population density and population have a good correlation with the number of COVID-19 after Quezon City was removed as a data point. There is a moderate association between age and number of COVID-19 cases. There is a very weak to no association between sex and COVID-19 cases.

Determinación del índice de impacto del COVID-19 en El Salvador, por medio de la relación demográfica, ambiental y epidemiológica / Determination of the Impact Index of Covid19 in El Salvador through demographic, environmental and epidemiological relationship

Resumen El presente estudio se realizó durante la pandemia generada por COVID-19, que se originó en la República de China a finales del año 2019 y se ha dispersado por todo el mundo desde entonces. Tomando registros oficiales de información de tipo demográfica, ambiental y epidemiológica en El Salvador, se realizó este estudio con el objetivo de desarrollar un proceso cuantitativo y cualitativo que demuestre las variaciones de casos de contagio por COVID-19 como consecuencia de la pandemia. Se basó en tres factores, entre ellos la variable ambiental; ya que este puede ser un agente que regula la movilidad de los vectores de la pandemia. Además, se demuestra la importancia del uso de sistemas de información geográfica y satelital, los cuales permiten un análisis más completo ante las problemáticas de salud a nivel nacional, regional o mundial. Lo anterior, particularmente en la toma de decisiones de políticas públicas sanitarias, ya que se ha evidenciado la carencia de conocimiento para la toma de decisiones ante esta nueva pandemia. El producto más sustancial de esta investigación es un mapa temático de impacto de la pandemia a nivel de país dividido por municipios, donde demuestra que las urbes de mayor densidad poblacional y menor calidad ambiental son las que se han visto más afectadas. Por lo que a futuro es necesario no centralizar toda la actividad económica en pocos lugares. Además, resalta la importancia de los ambientes que existen en cada municipio para el bienestar de las personas. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis estadístico por medio del árbol de decisión que sustenta lo antes mencionado.

Abstract This study was carried out during the Covid19 pandemic that originated in the Republic of China at the end of 2019 and has spread throughout the world since then, taking official records of demographic, environmental and epidemiological information in El Salvador , with the aim of developing a quantitative and qualitative process that demonstrates the variations in cases of Covid19 contagion as a consequence of the pandemic, based on three factors, including the environmental variable; since this can be an agent that regulates the mobility of the pandemic vectors. In addition, the importance of the use of Geographic and Satellite Information Systems is demonstrated, which allow a more complete analysis of health problems at the national, regional and / or global level; above all in decision-making on public health policies, since the lack of knowledge for decision-making in the face of this new pandemic has been evidenced. The most substantial product of this research is a thematic map of the impact of the pandemic at the country level divided by municipalities, where it shows that the cities with the highest population density and the lowest environmental quality are those that have been most affected. Therefore, in the future it is necessary not to centralize all economic activity in a few places, in addition to the importance of the environments that exist in each municipality for the well-being of people. Finally, a statistical analysis is carried out through the decision tree that supports the aforementioned.

Accessibility to primary health care in low-density regions. A case study: NUTS III - Baixo Alentejo - Portugal / A acessibilidade aos cuidados de saúde primários em regiões de baixa densidade. Caso de estudo: NUTS III - Baixo Alentejo - Portugal

Abstract This study diagnosed the situation regarding the physical accessibility of the resident population to primary health care, based on the characteristics of the population served, their spatial distribution in the territory, based on space-time analysis. Thus, bearing the different means of transport available and the specific features of a low-density territory, we considered several mobility profiles under analysis, and selected the Baixo Alentejo as the study area. In methodological terms, besides using the location of primary health facilities and their areas of influence, the use of the road network and its restrictions, we selected the use the new 1x1 km grid, recently implemented throughout the EU (European Union), instead of using the statistical units or administrative boundaries. Its advantages allow overcoming some of the issues of the usual base cartography. The final results can be divided into two groups: conclusions related to the methodologies used and conclusions related to the accessibility of primary health care equipment in the study area.

Resumo Decidiu-se realizar o diagnóstico de situação sobre a acessibilidade física da população residente aos cuidados de saúde primários, baseada nas características da população servida, na sua distribuição espacial, tendo por base uma análise espaço/tempo, permitindo avaliar essa mesma acessibilidade. Deste modo, e tendo em consideração os diversos modos de transporte disponíveis, bem como as características específicas de um território de baixa densidade, foram considerados diversos perfis de mobilidade, sendo a área de estudo escolhida o Baixo Alentejo. Em termos metodológicos, além da utilização da localização dos equipamentos de saúde primários e das suas áreas de influência, da utilização da rede viária e das suas restrições, optou-se pela utilização de uma cartografia base menos convencional. Em vez das unidades estatísticas associadas às unidades administrativas, optou-se pela utilização da nova quadrícula de 1x1 km, implementada recentemente em toda a União Europeia (UE). A utilização desta quadrícula permite ultrapassar alguns dos problemas apresentados pela cartografia base habitual. Os resultados podem-se dividir em dois grupos: conclusões relacionadas com as metodologias utilizadas, e conclusões relacionadas com a acessibilidade aos equipamentos de saúde primários na área de estudo.

Relación densidad y pobreza con casos confirmados por coronavirus en la Región Metropolitana / Density and poverty relationship with confirmed coronavirus cases in the metropolitan region

INTRODUCCIÓN La pandemia por COVID-19 en otros países ha afectado con mayor número de casos y de fallecidos en zonas de mayor densidad y pobreza, sin embargo, este análisis no se ha determinado en la Región Metropolitana (RM) de Chile. OBJETIVO Identificar si existe una relación entre densidad y densidad-pobreza con los casos confirmados de coronavirus en la RM. MÉTODO Se evalúa la asociación entre densidad, pobreza y densidad-pobreza con los casos confirmados mediante odds ratio; tipo y diseño de estudio: observacional, retrospectivo; Población: población de RM, 8.125.072 habitantes; Casos: habitantes de la RM confirmados con coronavirus desde el 03.03.20 hasta el 20.04.20; Controles: habitantes de la RM no confirmados con coronavirus desde el 03.03.20 hasta el 20.04.20; Periodo de tiempo de estudio: 03.03.20 al 20.04.20; Variables: variable dependiente: número de casos confirmados con coronavirus en la RM y población no confirmada con coronavirus; variable independiente 1: densidad poblacional comunas de la región metropolitana, variable independiente 2: índice de pobreza comunas de la RM y variable independiente 3: índice de pobreza y densidad poblacional comunas de la RM; Outcomes: los pacientes confirmados con coronavirus se asocian a las zonas con mayor densidad y con mayor pobreza-densidad; Método que se usó para determinar esta asociación: razón de probabilidad (OR).RESULTADOS La razón entre los casos confirmados y no confirmados con coronavirus en la RM es 1,3 veces mayor en los habitantes que viven en una densidad >5.349 hab/km2 con un IC 95%: 1,2720 -1,4140, p <0,0001 y 1,2 veces mayor en los habitantes que viven en una densidad >11.444 hab/km2 con un IC 95%: 1,1494-1,3019, p <0,0001; la razón entre los casos confirmados y no confirmados con coronavirus en la RM es 1,46 veces mayor en los habitantes que tienen una pobreza <10,41% y viven en una densidad >11.444 hab/km2 con un IC 95%: 1,3137-1,6225, P <0,0001 y 1,58 veces mayor en los habitantes que viven en una densidad >5.349 hab/km2 y tienen una pobreza >10,41% con un IC 95%: 1,3279-1,8825, p<0,0001.CONCLUSIONES En la Región Metropolitana existe una asociación entre el número de casos confirmados con coronavirus con una mayor densidad poblacional y una mayor densidad-pobreza.

INTRODUCTIONThe COVID-19 pandemic in other countries has affected with a greater number of cases and deaths in areas of higher density and poverty, however, this analysis has not been determined in the Metropolitan Region (MR) of Chile .OBJETIVE Identify if there is a relationship between density and density-poverty with confirmed cases of coronavirus in the MR. METHOD The association between density, poverty and density-poverty with the cases confirmed by odds ratio is evaluated; Study type and design: observational, retrospective; Population: population of the MR, 8.125.072 inhabitants; Cases: inhabitants of the MR confirmed with coronavirus from 03.03.20 to 04.20.20; Controls: inhabitants of the MR not confirmed with coronavirus from 03.03.20 to 04.20.20; Study time period: 03/03/20 to 04/20/20; Variables: dependent variable: number of confirmed cases with coronavirus in the MR and unconfirmed population with coronavirus; independent variable 1: population density of municipalities in the metropolitan region, independent variable 2: poverty index of municipalities in the MR and independent variable 3: poverty index and population density of municipalities in the MR; Outcomes: confirmed patients with coronavirus are associated with the areas with the highest density and with the highest poverty-density; Method used to determine this association: probability ratio (OR). RESULTS The ratio between confirmed and unconfirmed cases with coronavirus on MR is 1,3 times higher in inhabitants living at a density >5.349 inhab/km2 with a 95% CI: 1,2720­1,4140, p <0,0001 and 1,2 times higher in the inhabitants living at a density >11.444 inhab/km2 with a 95% CI: 1,1494-1,3019, p <0,0001; the ratio between confirmed and unconfirmed cases with coronavirus on MR is 1,46 times higher in inhabitants who have a poverty <10,41% and live at a density >11,444 inhab/km2 with a 95% CI: 1,3137-1,6225, p <0.0001 and 1,58 times higher in the inhabitants who live in a density >5,349 inhab/km2 and have a poverty >10,41% with a 95% CI: 1,3279-1,8825, p<0.0001.CONCLUSIONS ConclusionsIn the Metropolitan Region there is an association between the number of confirmed cases with coronavirus with a higher population density and a higher poverty-density.

Bacillus cereus bacteria endófita promotora de crecimiento vegetal / Bacillus cereus endophytic bacterial plant growth promoter

RESUMEN La planta Lippia origanoides ha sido ampliamente estudiada debido al efecto antimicrobiano y antifúngico que poseen sus extractos y aceites esenciales, los cuales han sido probados contra un gran número de microorganismos patógenos. Sin embargo, es escasa la literatura que registra la diversidad de bacterias endófitas asociadas a esta especie de plantas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar in vitro la capacidad de promoción de crecimiento vegetal de bacterias endófitas de Lippia origanoides en el municipio de Sincelejo -Sucre, Colombia. En este estudio se aislaron bacterias endófitas en medio de cultivo agar R2A a partir de diferentes tejidos, se evaluó la densidad poblacional (UFC/g de tejido) por conteo en superficie y la promoción de crecimiento vegetal de forma cualitativa en medios selectivos específicos. Se observaron diferencias significativas para la densidad poblacional de bacterias endófitas respecto al tipo de tejido, con mayores valores en la raíz (2,0 x 1010/g raíz), seguido del tallo (1,3 x 1010/g tallo) y hojas (9,2 x 109/g hoja). Se obtuvieron un total de 20 bacterias endófitas, los cuales dos mostraron capacidad solubilizadora de fosfato, fijación biológica de nitrógeno, producción de sideróforos y ACC desaminasa. Los morfotipos TLO5 y RLO4 fueron identificados molecularmente como Bacillus cereus, mostrando buenos resultados de promoción de crecimiento vegetal.

ABSTRACT The Lippia origanoides plant has been widely studied due to the antimicrobial and antifungal effect of its extracts and essential oils, which have been tested against a large number of pathogenic microorganisms. However, there is little literature that records the diversity of endophytic bacteria associated with this plant species. The objective of the work was to evaluate in vitro the plant growth promotion capacity of endophytic Lippia origanoides bacteria in the municipality of Sincelejo-Sucre, Colombia. In this study, endophytic bacteria were isolated in R2A agar culture medium from different tissues, population density (CFU / g of tissue) was evaluated by surface counting and the promotion of plant growth qualitatively in specific selective media. Significant differences were observed for the population density of endophytic bacteria regarding tissue type, with higher values in the root (2.0 x 1010 / g root), followed by the stem (1.3 x 1010 / g stem) and leaves (9.2 x 109 / g sheet). A total of 20 endophytic bacteria were obtained, which two showed phosphate solubilizing capacity, biological nitrogen fixation, production of siderophores and ACC deaminase. The TLO5 and RLO4 morphotypes were molecularly identified as Bacillus cereus, showing good results in promoting plant growth.

Entrada de viajeros y densidad poblacional en la propagación de la COVID-19 en Cuba / Arrival of travelers and population density in the spread of COVID-19 in Cuba

Introducción: El comportamiento no homogéneo de la cantidad de casos confirmados con COVID-19 en diferentes regiones de Cuba aún no se ha esclarecido, lo cual resultaría de utilidad para la toma de decisiones en futuras epidemias en el país. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la entrada de viajeros y la densidad poblacional sobre la distribución no homogénea de la cantidad de casos con COVID-19 por provincias en Cuba. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio ecológico, exploratorio, de grupos múltiples, comparando las provincias cubanas según variables del nivel global y agregado, relacionadas con la cantidad de casos con COVID-19, confirmados durante la epidemia en Cuba. Se aplicó el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para seleccionar el modelo que mejor describe el comportamiento de los datos y el análisis de clúster para visualizar la agrupación de las provincias. Resultados: Se evidenció una correlación significativa entre la cantidad de casos con COVID-19 y la cantidad de viajeros con COVID-19, la cantidad total de viajeros que arribaron al país en marzo y los eventos de trasmisión. En el modelo de regresión resultaron significativas la densidad poblacional y las cantidades de viajeros total y con COVID-19. El análisis de clúster reveló la formación de cuatro grupos de provincias. Conclusiones: La cantidad de casos con COVID-19 por provincia se relaciona con la cantidad de viajeros que entraron al país, con y sin COVID-19, y la densidad poblacional. Se forman cuatro grupos de provincias por su similitud en los aspectos identificados en la regresión(AU)

Introduction: The non-homogeneous behavior of the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases in different regions of Cuba has not yet been clarified, which would be useful for decision-making in future epidemics in the country. Objective: To determine the influence of the arrival of travelers and the population density on the non-homogeneous distribution of the number of COVID-19 cases by provinces in Cuba. Methods: An ecological, exploratory, multiple group study was carried out, comparing Cuban provinces according to variables of the global and aggregate levels, related to the number of COVID-19 cases, confirmed during the epidemic in Cuba. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to select the model that best describes the behavior of the data and cluster analysis to visualize the grouping of the provinces. Results: A significant correlation was proved between the number of COVID-19 cases and the number of travelers with COVID-19, the total number of travelers who arrived in Cuba in March, and transmission events. In the regression model, the population density and the total number of travelers and those with COVID-19 were significant. The cluster analysis revealed the formation of four groups of provinces. Conclusions: The number of cases with COVID-19 by province is related to the number of travelers who arrived in the country, with and with no COVID-19, and the population density. Four groups of provinces are formed by their similarity in the aspects identified at regression(AU)

Demographic Factors Associated with Dengue in Saint Lucia

Aims: To identify demographic variables associated with dengue in Saint Lucia.Study Design:Retrospective quasi experimental study of secondary data.Place and Duration of Study:Data was accessed from the Ministry of Health Saint Lucia, the Saint Lucia Tourism Authority and the Central Statistics Office Saint Lucia, 2011-2017.Methodology:This study included 1869 cases tested for dengue between 2011 and 2017 identified through regular surveillance in Saint Lucia. There were 1310 confirmed cases, of which 667 were male and 643 were female. Data on education, employment, and unemployment levels, population density, hospital access and tourist arrivals were accessed from local SaintLucian agencies to determine their relationships with the occurrence of dengue.Results:The largest prevalence of dengue from the sample was found in the district of Castries (29.6%) and 25% of the cases occurring in the adult group (19-44). It was foundthat over 40 % of the dengue cases occurred in the population when between 12500 to 14000 persons (medium level) had tertiary education. Logistic regression of the data allowed the demonstration of strong significant relationships between age, the 13-18-year age group (P<.001, OR 4.091 [CI 2.628-6.369]) and tertiary education (P<.001, OR 4.785 [CI 2.896-7.905]) and occurrence of dengue.Conclusion: Age and education, along with other variables such as location, tourist visitor arrival, employment status, and population density were found to be associated with dengue in Saint Lucia. Further research is warranted to better characterize these relationships and understand how they could be used to develop predictive models for use in public health prevention programmes.

Studies on Malaria Vector Population Density in Three Selected Areas in Sokoto Metropolitan, Sokoto State - Nigeria

This study is conducted to determine the population density of mosquitoes in three selected area (Kofar Taramniya, Mabera and Bello Way) in Sokoto metropolis. To identified and count the population of mosquito, different breeding sites were investigated for the preferences of mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae were collected using dipper, ladle spoon from drainages, stagnant water, gutters, open wells, local pots, water tanks and cattle sheds. A total population of 4,764 mosquito larvae were collected and identified From the three (3) selected areas larvae and pupae were encounters in abundance. In Mabera area, a total of 1799 (37.7%) larvae are collected in which 1199 (45.8%) belonging to Anophelesgenera and 600 (27.9%) belong to culexgenera. In kofar Taramniya a total of 1649 (34.6%) larvae are collected in which 1000 (38.2%) belong to Anopheles genera and 649 (30.2%) belong to culexgenera, in Bello Way, A total of 1317 (27.5%) larvae were collected,417 (15.9%) belong to Anophelesgenera and 900 (41.9%)belongto culexgenera. Statistical analysis conducted indicated a significant difference (p<0.05) between the three collections. Mosquitoes encountered belong to two genera of Anophelesand Culex. The predominant genus was Anopheleswith a total of 2,615 larvaewhile Culexhas a total of 2149 larvae in all the three study areas. Considering the medical importance of mosquitoes, the information provided from this study will serve as a basis for understanding the implication of mosquitoes nuisance and provide effective control strategies against the vector and to reduce mosquitoes born disease

Study on kdr allele mutation of Culex pipiens pallens in Zichuan District, Zibo City, Shandong Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To study the seasonal dynamics of Culex pipiens pallens and the distribution of knockdown resistance (kdr) gene related sodium channel gene polymorphism in Zichuan District, Zibo City, Shandong Province. Methods Cx. pipiens pallens mosquitoes were collected in Zichuan District during the peak period of mosquito vector activity from 2017 to 2018. The DNA from Cx. pipiens pallens was extracted, and the genotypes and frequencies of kdr allele mutation were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Results Totally 830 mosquitoes belonging to six species, including Cx. pipiens pallens, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes albopictus, Ae. vexans, Anopheles sinensis, and Cx. tritaeniorhchus were collected in this study. The number of Cx. pipiens pallens accounted for 83.13% in total, with the density of 12.32 per lamp per night. The annual density monitoring curve of Cx. pipiens pallens showed a bimodal trend, and the peaks were observed in June and September respectively. In this study, five kdr alleles were detected at the 1 014 locus of kdr gene, with TTA (75.71%), TTT (10.00%), CTA (5.71%), TCA (4.29%), and TTC (4.29%). Two nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations were detected at site 1 014 of kdr gene, namely leucine (L1014) mutated to phenylalanine (L1014F) and serine (L1014S). The kdr gene mutation frequency (%) of Cx. pipiens pallens in Luochun Town and Taihe Town was 10.53% and 40.63%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 = 8.559, P = 0.003). Conclusions Cx. pipiens pallens is the dominant mosquito species in Zichuan District. In addition, two novel mutations, CTA and TTC, are identified in the voltage-dependent sodium channel gene of Cx. pipiens pallens. The kdr genotype of Cx. pipiens pallens in Zichuan area was polymorphic.

Study on kdr allele mutation of Culex pipiens pallens in Zichuan District, Zibo City, Shandong Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To study the seasonal dynamics of Culex pipiens pallens and the distribution of knockdown resistance (kdr) gene related sodium channel gene polymorphism in Zichuan District, Zibo City, Shandong Province. Methods Cx. pipiens pallens mosquitoes were collected in Zichuan District during the peak period of mosquito vector activity from 2017 to 2018. The DNA from Cx. pipiens pallens was extracted, and the genotypes and frequencies of kdr allele mutation were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Results Totally 830 mosquitoes belonging to six species, including Cx. pipiens pallens, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes albopictus, Ae. vexans, Anopheles sinensis, and Cx. tritaeniorhchus were collected in this study. The number of Cx. pipiens pallens accounted for 83.13% in total, with the density of 12.32 per lamp per night. The annual density monitoring curve of Cx. pipiens pallens showed a bimodal trend, and the peaks were observed in June and September respectively. In this study, five kdr alleles were detected at the 1 014 locus of kdr gene, with TTA (75.71%), TTT (10.00%), CTA (5.71%), TCA (4.29%), and TTC (4.29%). Two nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations were detected at site 1 014 of kdr gene, namely leucine (L1014) mutated to phenylalanine (L1014F) and serine (L1014S). The kdr gene mutation frequency (%) of Cx. pipiens pallens in Luochun Town and Taihe Town was 10.53% and 40.63%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 = 8.559, P = 0.003). Conclusions Cx. pipiens pallens is the dominant mosquito species in Zichuan District. In addition, two novel mutations, CTA and TTC, are identified in the voltage-dependent sodium channel gene of Cx. pipiens pallens. The kdr genotype of Cx. pipiens pallens in Zichuan area was polymorphic.

Control of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using Chin-IA (I-A) isolate as integrate component of management in soybean crops / Controle de Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) usando o isolado Chin-IA (I-A) como componente do manejo integrado da cultura da soja

Chrysodeixis includens is an important pest of soybean crop who has gained more visibility in the Brazilian Cerrado due to damage caused in this region. Foliar consumption, feeding period and mortality level of soybean loopers in laboratory, as well as their control in the field conditions, were evaluated after application of the ChinNPV virus in soybean plants. In the laboratory, were tested six concentrations of isolate Chin-IA (I-A) (1 × 1011, 2 × 1011, 4 × 1011, 6 × 1011, 8 × 1011 and 10 × 1011 PIB ha-1), one dose of methomyl chemical insecticide (172 g ai ha-1) and distilled water (control). The field experiment was carried out in the 2016/2017 season using the same cultivar and laboratory treatments, except for the lowest virus concentration. The population density of small and large larvae was evaluated before and at 5, 8 and 12 days after application (DAA) of the treatments in soybean plants. All concentrations of the isolate Chin-IA (I-A) have reduced the soybean loopers consumption and their feeding period, showing 100% of mortality after 3 ­ 4 days without differing from treatment with the chemical insecticide. After eight DAA of virus in the field, the population density of small and large larvae was reduced, providing satisfactory levels of control. These results showed the evident potential of ChinNPV in the reduction of defoliation power and maintenance the soybean loopers population under of control level, and thus may be used as complementary method in the integrated management of this pest in soybean crops.(AU)

Chrysodeixis includens é uma importante praga da cultura da soja que tem ganhado maior visibilidade na região do Cerrado brasileiro em razão do dano causado. Consumo foliar, período de alimentação e mortalidade de lagartas falsa-medideira foram avaliados em laboratório, assim como seu controle em condições de campo, após a aplicação do vírus ChinNPV em plantas de soja. Em laboratório, foram testadas seis concentrações do isolado Chin-IA (I-A) (1 × 1011, 2 × 1011, 4 × 1011, 6 × 1011, 8 × 1011 e 10 × 1011 CIP ha-1), uma dose do inseticida químico metomil (172 g i.a ha-1) e água destilada (controle). O ensaio de campo foi realizado na safra 2016/2017 utilizando o mesmo cultivar e tratamentos do ensaio em laboratório, exceto para a menor concentração do vírus. A densidade populacional de lagartas pequenas e grandes foi avaliada antes (pré-contagem) e 5, 8 e 12 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos nas plantas de soja. Todas as concentrações do isolado Chin-IA (I-A) reduziram o consumo e o período de alimentação das lagartas falsa-medideira, mostrando 100% de mortalidade entre 3 ­ 4 dias, sem diferir do tratamento com o inseticida químico. Depois de oito dias após a aplicação do vírus no campo, a densidade populacional de lagartas pequenas e grandes foi reduzida, promovendo um controle satisfatório. Esses resultados mostram o evidente potencial de ChinNPV na redução do poder de desfolha, mantendo a população das lagartas falsa-medideira abaixo do nível de controle, e indicam o seu uso como um método complementar no manejo integrado dessa praga em culturas de soja.(AU)

Population analysis of white grubs (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) throughout the Brazilian Pampa biome

ABSTRACT The replacement of natural grassland by cultivated areas might favor the increase in abundance of some root-feeding species such as the white grubs, which may become a constraint for field crop production. This research aimed to assay the population density and geographical distribution of white grubs pest and other species in natural grassland and cultivated areas throughout the Brazilian Pampa biome. White grubs were sampled in 18 locations in both landscape use types and identified. Population density (number of larvae m-2) was calculated for each recorded species and sorted within two groups (pest species and other species), compared between natural grasslands and cultivated areas, as well as among locations. A dendrogram to evaluate species similarity among locations was built based on combined data obtained from both landscape use types throughout the region. In total, 31 species were found in the Brazilian Pampa, and four of them are considered as crop pests: Diloboderus abderus (Sturm, 1826), Euetheola humilis (Burmeister, 1847), Lyogenys fusca (Blanchard, 1830), and Phyllophaga triticophaga Morón & Salvadori, 1998. The average population density of pest species in cultivated areas was less than five larvae m-2, at most of locations. Some species had a wide geographical distribution (e.g. D. abderus and Cyclocephala modesta Burmeister), while other melolontids occurred at only one location. The knowledge of which white grub species are present in a field and its population densities assist farmers to take proper management decisions.

Diversidad y abundancia de primates en bosques de baja y alta perturbación humana de Los Chilchos, Amazonas, Perú / Diversity and abundance of primates in low and high human disturbance forests of Los Chilchos, Amazonas, Peru

En los bosques montanos de Los Chilchos habitan cinco especies de primates, cuya situación actual, tamaño de grupo y abundancia son desconocidos, información que es indispensable para el manejo y la formulación e implementación de medidas de conservación. Afín de obtener información sobre los aspectos mencionados, fueron conducidos censos por transecto lineal entre junio y julio del 2017 en bosques de baja y alta perturbación antrópica. Como resultado de los censos fueron registrados 63 grupos pertenecientes a 5 especies. De ellos, 50 grupos correspondieron a los bosques de baja perturbación, siendo Aotus miconax y Ateles belzebuth los más observados con 21 y 17 grupos, respectivamente. Grupos más grandes se observaron en Cebus yuracus (promedio 17.0±5.0 individuos) y A. belzebuth (promedio 14.5±7.2 individuos) y más pequeños en A. miconax (promedio 2.6±0.7 individuos). Con excepción de Lagothrix flavicauda, la abundancia relativa y densidad poblacional fueron más altas en bosques de baja perturbación, demostrando así el buen estado de conservación, lo que no ocurre en bosques de alta perturbación. Entre los primates, la densidad más alta fue para A. miconax con 26.23 indiv./km² y más baja para Alouatta seniculus con 3.0 indiv./km². Lagothrix flavicauda fue registrada únicamente en bosque de alta perturbación, cuya abundancia relativa fue estimada en 0.1 grupos/ 10 km.

In the montane forests of Los Chilchos five species of primates inhabit, whose current situation, group size and abundance are unknown, which are indispensable for the management and formulation and implementation of conservation measures. In order to obtain information on the mentioned aspects, censuses were conducted by linear transect between June and July 2017 in forests of low and high anthropic disturbance. As a result of the censuses, 63 groups belonging to 5 species were registered. Of these, 50 groups corresponded to low disturbance forests, being Aotus miconax and Ateles belzebuth the most observed with 21 and 17 groups, respectively. Larger groups were observed in Cebus yuracus (average 17.0 ± 5.0 individuals) and A. belzebuth (average 14.5 ± 7.2 individuals) and smaller in A. miconax (average 2.6 ± 0.7 individuals). With exception of Lagothrix flavicauda, the relative abundance and population density were higher in low-disturbance forests, demonstrating thus the good conservation status, which does not occur in high-disturbance forests. Among primates, the highest density was for A. miconax with 26.23 indiv. /km² and the lowest for Alouatta seniculus with 3.0 indiv./km². Lagothrix flavicauda was recorded only in high disturbance forest, whose relative abundance was estimated at 0.1 groups / 10 km.

Association between air pollution in the 2015 winter in South Korea and population size, car emissions, industrial activity, and fossil-fuel power plants: an ecological study

BACKGROUND: Compared to 10 years ago, the ambient particulate matter 10 (PM10) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels in South Korea have decreased. However, compared to many other OECD countries, these levels are still too high. Concentration of air pollutants such as PM10 is especially higher during winter than during summer. The first step to rationally solving the air pollution problem in Korea is to identify the key air pollution sources during each season. This ecological study was performed to assess the association between the number of days the accepted PM10 and CO thresholds were exceeded and the concentration of potential emission sources in winter season 2015. METHODS: An emission inventory of the PM10 and CO emissions in the 232 administrative South Korean districts in January, 2015, and February, 2015 and December, 2015, and the population density, number of car registrations, number of car accidents, industrial power usage, and presence of a fossil-fuel power plant in each district was established on the basis of official web-page data from the government. For all emission source variables except power plants, the administrative districts were grouped into quartiles. Districts were also divided according to whether a power plant was present or not. Negative binomial regression was performed to assess the associations between the PM10 and CO air pollution (defined as ≥100 g/m3 and ≥ 9 ppm, respectively) and the concentration of each emission source. RESULTS: Compared to the districts with the lowest population density, the districts with the third highest population density associated most strongly with air pollution. This was also observed for industrial power usage. Car accident number and car registration numbers showed a linear relationship with air pollution. Districts with power plants were significantly more likely to have air pollution than districts that lacked a plant. CONCLUSIONS: Greater car numbers, industrial activity, and population density, and the presence of fossil-fuel plants associated with air pollution in the 2015 winter in South Korea. These data highlight the contaminant sources that could be targeted by interventions that aim to reduce air pollution, decrease the incidence of exposure, and limit the impact of pollution on human health. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-018-0273-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Mongolian Health Human Resource management plan / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#Mongolian health human resources’ main goal is to provide effective and indiscriminate service that is evenly distributed among each individual in country. In order to achieve its goal, the general health policy should focus on its human resources management. This research work was done with document research method and got all the necessary information from databases of Public Health Development Center, Mongolian National statistical agency, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education Culture and Science. There are 32.4 chief doctors, 37.2 nurses and 24 other health employees assigned to work for 10000 people from the study of 2016. Comparing this study with the previous year’s study, the number of the doctors has gone up by 0.8, but the number of the nurses has gone down by 0.3. Due to the WHO’s statistic, the number of the patients per doctor is considered to be low. The exact population of Mongolia is 3.119.935 in 2016. To compare the population spread through the country, Ulaanbaatar, capital city, has the highest density of population. The number of the hospitals and doctors were enough. Actually it was lower than world standard (500 patients per a doctor). Even the number of the doctors are enough, in remote area, it is not enough. In the whole country there are 309 patients per doctor, 237 patients per doctor in Ulaanbaatar and 433 patients per doctor in isolated areas. In conclusion, the human resource distribution is not even in the public health care.

HUMAN RESOURCE PLAN OF MONGOLIAN HEALTH SECTOR / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#BACKGROUND: The goal is to lower overall health care costs by improving health status among individuals and communities. To become all the people healthier, good health human resource management is critically necessary. METHODS: This research work was done with document research method and got all the necessary information from databases of Public Health development center, Mongolian national statistic agency, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education Culture and Science. The Statistic processing took on Excel 10 and Stata 14 programs. RESULTS: The exact population of Mongolia is 3.119.935 in 2016. To compare the population spread through the country, Ulaanbaatar, capital city, has the highest density of population. The number of the hospitals and doctors was enough. Actually it was lower than world standard (500 patients per a doctor). Even the number of the doctors are enough, in remote area, it is not enough. In the whole country there are 309 patients per doctor, 237 patients per doctor in Ulaanbaatar and 433 patients per doctor in isolated areas. In conclusion, the human resource distribution is not even in the public health care. CONCLUSION: There are 32.4 chief doctors, 37.2 nurses and, 24 other health employees are assigned to work for 10000 people from the study of 2016. Comparing this study with the previous year’s study, the number of the doctors has gone up by 0.8, but the number of the nurses has gone down by 0.3. Due to the world health organization statistic, the number of the patients per doctor is considered to be low.

Dry matter yield and tillering of brachiarias sown at depths intercropped with corn

Considerando o crescimento da produção de forragem no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária e a possibilidade de consorciação de milho com forrageiras semeadas em diferentes profundidades, ainda são necessárias mais pesquisas para entender o desenvolvimento das principais forrageiras. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o perfilhamento e a produtividade de matéria seca de duas espécies de braquiárias submetidas a profundidades de deposição das sementes em consórcio com milho, em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, na região do Cerrado. O experimento foi conduzido em sistema plantio direto no município de Selvíria - MS, num LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico, textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x3, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram duas espécies de braquiárias (Brachiaria brizantha cv. 'Marandu' e Brachiaria ruziziensis), cujas sementes foram misturadas ao fertilizante do milho, e três profundidades (8, 10 e 16cm) de deposição do fertilizante + sementes. A deposição das sementes de braquiárias a 16cm de profundidade resultou em menor número de perfilhos e produtividade de matéria seca. O perfilhamento das forrageiras foi influenciado pelo ciclo do milho, com tendência de estabilização no fechamento das entre linhas da cultura e retomada na emissão de perfilhos no final do ciclo.

Considering the growth of forage production in crop-livestock system and the possibility of sowing forages at different depths, it's still necessary more research to understand the development of the main forage plants. This study aimed to evaluate the tillering and dry matter yield of two brachiaria species under different depths of seed deposition intercropped with corn in integrated crop-livestock production in the Cerrado region. The experiment was conducted in no-tillage system in Selvíria - Mato Grosso do Sul State, in an Oxisol, clayey. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 2x3, with four replications. The treatments were two species of brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha cv. 'Marandú' and Brachiaria ruziziensis), whose seeds were mixed with fertilizer from corn, and three different depths (8, 10 and 16cm) of fertilizer deposition. The deposition of brachiarias seeds to 16cm depth resulted in lower stand of tillers and dry matter yield. The tillering of forages was influenced by the phases of the corn cycle, with trend towards stabilization in closing between the lines of culture and taken up in the issuance of tillers at the end of the cycle.